The Direct Method is similar to the Grammar-Translation Method, it have been applied by language teachers for many years. The goals of them is students learn how to communicate in the target language. In learning process, both teachers and students interaction each others and associate vocabularies, to be conveyed directly in the target language through the use of demonstration and visual aids, with no recourse to the students’ native language. There are some techniques: reading aloud; question and answer exercise; getting students to self-correct; conversation practice; fill-in-the-blank exercise; dictation; map drawing; and paragraph writing.
The Audio-Lingual Method drills students in the use of grammatical sentence patterns, has a strong theoretical base in linguistics and psychology. The way to acquire the sentence patterns of the target language was through conditioning-helping learners to respond correctly to stimuli through shaping and reinforcement. The goal is to enable students to communicate .The teacher uses only the target language and provides the students with cues. Mistakes are avoided. The teacher teach how to produce perfect sentences, so grammar and pronounciation are good. But the students are not creative. Dialog memorization, repetition, chain, transformation, and question-and-answer drills are techniques of ALM.
The Grammar Translation Method
The Grammar-Translation Methods (GTM) is a technique that has been used by language teachers for many years. It was used for the purpose of helping students read and appreciate foreign language literature. There are some techniques of GTM : translation of a literary passage; reading comprehension questions; find antonyms and synonyms of reading passage; cognates; deductive and inductive application of rule; fill-in-the-blanks with new vocabulary and grammar; use of new vocabularies in sentences; and composition. These ways will make students become more accustomed to the grammar and vocabularies, so it will help them speak and write their native language better.
Community Language Learning advises teachers to consider their students as ‘whole persons’. Adults often feel threatened with a new learning situation so CLL helps them overcome their negative feelings and turn them into positive energy to further their learning by understanding students’ fears and being sensitive to them. The teacher understands what the student say. The goal is to learn how to use the target language communicatively. The techniques are tape recording student conversation, transcription, reflection on experience, reflective listening, human computer ,and small group tasks. These techniques depend on consistent with sustaining a respectful, non-defensive relationship between teacher and students.
Total Physical Response
TPR is methods that can make students enjoy their experience in learning to communicate in a target language. Creating a low affective filter and a good classroom atmosphere are keys to develop flexibility students in understanding of target language. Teachers speaking and the students responding nonverbally. Spoken language should be emphasized over written language. Firstly, it introduced in the students native’s language, after that, meaning made clear through body movements. Errors are occurring, and the teachers should tolerant because students get more advanced of it. Some techniques are: using commands to direct behavior, role reversal, and action sequence.
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